For generations, the US dollar has been regarded as the ultimate haven.
In times of uncertainty, global investors instinctively seek the depth, liquidity, and unrivalled status of the world’s reserve currency.
But what if that confidence is misplaced? What if the dollar is actually the riskiest major currency to own today?
The dollar’s historical appeal is easy to understand.
The US is home to efficient and liquid financial markets, numerous world-class companies, and its government debt is viewed as “risk-free” thanks to strong institutions that have treated foreign investors fairly.
That trust has helped the US attract roughly USD$4.5trn of net capital inflows over the past five years.
Wake up
But the market turbulence of early 2025 was a wake-up call. The so-called ‘Liberation Day’ sell-off was a reminder that American exceptionalism has limits.
The dollar’s traditional role as a shock absorber began to break down, gold prices surged as investors looked for alternative stores of value, and several major currencies strengthened relative to the dollar.
The dollar’s value ultimately rests on trust in US policy and institutions, and that assumption is being questioned.
The first concern is fiscal policy.
The US continues to spend far more than it raises in tax revenue, running a deficit of roughly 6 per cent of GDP — a recession-like level of borrowing in an economy close to full employment.
Even the DOGE initiative failed to make dent. Each year of overspending adds to an already enormous debt pile. Were the US to experience a downturn this leaves the government with fewer levers to pull.
The second concern is the current account deficit, which compounds the fiscal problem. The US spends more than it earns, importing far more goods and services than it exports.
To plug the gap, it must rely on a continued stream of investment from abroad.
Much of this capital has flowed into government debt and equities, concentrated in a handful of high-growth AI companies.
If enthusiasm for US technology fades, or if investors start worrying about the sustainability of the government’s debt, those inflows could quickly dry up.
What once looked like a position of strength now feels like dependence.
Uncertainty around monetary policy credibility adds further pressure. The Federal Reserve has a challenging job balancing the impact of tariffs against a backdrop of weakening employment.
Doing this in the face of aggressive political pressure to lower rates only adds to the potential for a mistake.
If the Federal Reserve yields to political pressure and cuts rates prematurely, the dollar could lose both its yield advantage and investors’ confidence.
Loss of confidence
Perhaps even more troubling is a gradual loss of confidence in US institutions.
The Trump administration has taken a more adversarial stance towards some historical allies, while also trying to assert greater influence over the judicial system.
These actions may prompt some foreign investors to look for a new home for their capital.
From a valuation perspective, the dollar also looks vulnerable on a fundamental basis.
On our valuation models, it has been expensive relative to other currencies for some time.
To some extent, this could be justified by relatively high US interest rates, supported by robust growth, which offered a yield premium over most developed markets.
But that foundation is now weakening while the concerns discussed above are intensifying.
Looking beyond the dollar
If the dollar is expensive and vulnerable, where might investors look instead?
The problem is that there is still no realistic challenger to the dollar’s position as the global reserve currency.
A better approach is to build a basket of alternative currency exposures that help to mitigate some of the risk that comes with excessive reliance on the dollar.
It is more important than ever to avoid being complacent and to challenge the conventional wisdom that the dollar is the only game in town
For example, the Norwegian krone, Australian dollar, and Japanese yen all offer compelling characteristics ranging from fiscal strength and external surpluses to deep undervaluation.
The rise in the gold price also reflects a wider search for assets that can preserve value in a world of high debt and political uncertainty.
To be clear, exposure to the greenback is nearly impossible for global investors to avoid altogether.
But it is more important than ever to avoid being complacent and to challenge the conventional wisdom that the dollar is the only game in town.
While none of the alternatives can individually replace the dollar, they collectively provide a valuable counterweight in a world where the traditional safe-haven may no longer be as safe as it appears.
Nicholas Purser leads the team of currency analysts and is responsible for currency management in the Orbis Global Equity Strategy.
